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Abbreviations PD: Parkinson's Disease SNpc: Substantia Nigra pars compacta DJ-1: Parkinson's Disease Protein DJ-1 PINK-1: PTEN Induced Kinase 1 LRRK2: Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 CNS: Central Nervous System SN: Substantia Nigra ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate MPTP: 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine SNCA: Synuclein Alpha (Alpha-Synuclein) VSP35: Vesicle-Specific Protein 35 CHCHD2: Coiled-Coil-Helix-Coiled-Coil-Helix Domain Containing 2 PLA2G: Phospholipase A2 Group ATP13A2: ATPase Type 13A2 FBX07 : F-Box Protein 7 GCTA: Genome-Wide Complex Trait Analysis GWAS: Genome-Wide Association Study GBA: Glucocerebrosidase (Gene) GTPase: Guanosine Triphosphatase DOPA: Dihydroxyphenylalanine SPECT: Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography CT : Computed Tomography MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging PET: Positron Emission Tomography CoQ10: Coenzyme Q10 NDs: Neurodegenerative Diseases ALS: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species GPx : Glutathione Peroxidase TPx: Thioredoxin Peroxidase ETC: Electron Transport Chain ABL1: Abelson Murine Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog 1 c-ABL: Cellular Abelson Kinase ASOs: Antisense Oligonucleotides AmNA-ASO : Aminoalkyl-Nucleoside Antisense Oligonucleotide cAMP : Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate DA: Dopamine PC12: Pheochromocytoma Cells TH: Tyrosine Hydroxylase NCT: National Clinical Trial GTPase: Guanosine Triphosphatase DOPA: Dihydroxyphenylalanine SPECT : Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Tg : Transgenic PEG: Polyethylene Glycol BBB: Blood-Brain Barrier GCase: Glucocerebrosidase PARIS: Parkinson's Disease Associated Factor BCF: Blood-Clotting Factor WGA: Wheat Germ Agglutinin NPs: Nanoparticles PAMAM: Polyamidoamine Dendrimers PPI: Protein-Protein Interaction BAX: Bcl-2-Associated X Protein BCL-2: B-cell Lymphoma 2 DLB: Dementia with Lewy bodies NRF2: Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 6-OHDA: 6-Hydroxydopamine GDNF: Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor BE-MC: Brain Endothelial-Microvascular Cells PEI: Polyethylenimine AAV: Adeno-Associated Virus siRNA: Small Interfering RNA RMT: Receptor-Mediated Transport SLNs -: Solid Lipid Nanoparticles GCTA -: Genome-Wide Complex Trait Analysis LMW : Light molecular weight PEI: Polyethylenimine MSC-Exo: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes m6A: N6-methyladenosine MAPT: microtubule-associated protein tau GSK- : glycogen synthase kinase 3 FOXO1: forkhead box protein O1 Lf: lactoferrin PGC-1: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- coactivator 1 s-MARSA: sensitive magnetic nanoparticle-assisted rapid sandwich assay TNF-: Tumour Necrosis Factor- MNPs: magnetic nanoparticles IL-1: Interleukin-1 hNPCs: human neural precursor cells dtSN: dorsal tegmental substantia nigra VtSN: ventral tegmental substantia nigra Vta: ventral tegmental area ER: Endoplasmic reticulum EVs: Extracellular Vesicles (sEVs): small extracellular vesicles MSNPs: mesoporous silica nanoparticles AuNPs: Gold nanoparticles References Paccione N, Rahmani M, Barcia E, Negro S
The search included articles published between 2010 and 2025, using keywords: Parkinsons disease, -synuclein, dopaminergic degeneration, ferroptosis, deep brain stimulation, stem cell therapy, and AI in PD diagnosis. Results: The review highlights a multifactorial etiology involving -synuclein pathology, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, genetic mutations (SNCA, LRRK2, VPS35), environmental toxins, and gut dysbiosis
